In Boltzmann's day, one complaint about the second law of thermodynamics was that it seemed to impose upon nature a preferred direction in time. Engineering economics, previously known as engineering economy, is a subset of economics concerned with the use and ".application of economic principles" in the. A deep understanding of thermodynamics is essential to success in a wide range of chemical and biochemical engineering applications. In this book, two leading experts. Calculators, engineering, mechanical, electrical, electronics, design, construction, manufacturing, consultant, layout, software, chemical, plastic, polymers. Download and Read Etap Software Manual edition kenken for dummies paperback august 31 2010 engineering economic analysis 10th international edition. Connect to download. GUIDELINES FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN FOR PROCESS SAFETY. ![]() ![]() The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can only increase over time. It can remain constant in ideal cases where the. Free Ebooks Carl Hamechar Solution Manual for mazda t4000 manual pioneer car audio manuals repair manual ditch witch cahill biochem solutions manual. Why greenhouse gas warming doesn’t break the second law of thermodynamics « Jo. Nova. This is generating many comments, see below for an update! Behind the scenes some skeptics are suggesting that CO2 can’t warm us because the atmosphere is colder than the planet, and it would break the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics (see Postma*, for example, p 6 – 7). The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics applies to net flows of heat, not to each individual photon, and it does not prevent some heat flowing from a cooler body to a warm one. Imagine three blocks of metal side by side. They are 1. 1. Think about what happens to the photons coming off the atoms in the middle of the medium temperature block between the other two. If heat never flows from cooler blocks to warmer blocks, all those photons have to go “right“, and not ever go “left”, because they “know” that way is towards a cooler block? There are more coming from the 1. So heat is flowing from cold to hot. It happens all the time. Net heat is flowing always hot to cold. But some heat is going the other way, every day, everywhere, bar possibly a black hole. People are being caught by semantics. Technically, strictly, greenhouse gases don’t “warm” the planet (as in, they don’t supply additional heat energy), but they slow the cooling,which for all pragmatic purposes leaves the planet warmer that it would have been without them. It’s a bit like saying a blanket doesn’t warm you in bed. Sure, it’s got no internal heat source, and it won’t add any heat energy that you didn’t already have, but you sure feel cold without one. This is wrong and is based on an incorrect interpretation of the second law. The second law does not say a cold object cannot pass heat to a warmer object, it states that NET heat flow is always from warmer to colder. As stated in the previous section, any object above absolute zero radiates energy. This energy is radiated in all directions. If such radiated energy strikes another object some or all of it is absorbed depending on the absorptivity of the object struck. The absorption does not depend on whether the object struck is warmer or colder than the object that emitted the energy, it only depends on the absorptivity of the struck object. However that object also emits energy some of which will radiate back to the first object and again be absorbed. Because the warmer object emits more energy there will be more traveling from warmer to cooler than vice versa and hence the NET heat flow will be from warmer to cooler. Net heat flows from warmer to a cooler body, but some heat still flows from a cooler body to a warm one. BUT THEN HOW CAN A COOLER ATMOSPHERE HEAT THE WARMER SURFACE? This apparent paradox is again based on a misunderstanding. Imagine you are standing outside on a cold winters night. It’s really cold and you are soon chilled to the bone so you step inside. Inside it’s a pleasant 2. But you are at 3. No it doesn’t. When you were outside, you body was radiating energy to space but because the environment was so cold there was very little radiating back to you so the net loss was substantial. When you step inside your body is still radiating exactly the same amount of energy (remember the amount radiated depends only on the temperature and emissivity) however now the warmer walls of the room radiate more energy back to you than did the cold outside. Since the walls are colder than you are you still radiate more energy than you receive (heat flow is still from you to the room) but the difference between what you radiate and what you receive is less. You lose less net energy when inside than when outside so you feel warmer inside the room and it is easy to feel the room is warming you. In fact it is more accurate to say the room cools you less than did the outside. Exactly the same situation exists with respect to Earth’s surface. Without the green house gases in the atmosphere the surface would be radiating directly to outer space which is extremely cold (- 2. The green house gases prevent some of that radiation to space and thus keep the surface warmer than it would otherwise be. They do not do this by reducing the amount of energy the surface emits – doing that would entail changing the surface emissivity. Instead they radiate energy back onto the surface so that the net energy loss is reduced.————- Michael Hammer is an electrical engineer who has spent over 3. Spectroscopy deals with the interaction between electromagnetic energy (light) and matter and it is this interaction which forms the basis of the so called “green house effect” in the atmosphere.———————PS from Jo: Just so we’re clear here, I think CO2 molecules absorb Infra Red and have some warming effect, but I think feedbacks from clouds or humidity keep those effects so small that the total effect of adding more CO2 is minor, and not worth taking any action over. If the surrounding air is even colder, being next to an ice cube will keep you warmer longer. Even ice can be a “blanket”. Being wrapped in ice would slow heat loss if you happen to be on a rock in outer space. If you lie in bed without a blanket you lose a lot of energy and feel cold. If you now cover yourself with a blanket, the blanket reduces your energy loss. With a reduced energy loss you get less cold than you otherwise would have. Whether you consider “get less cold” to be semantically equivalent to saying “you will be warmer than you otherwise would have been” is up to you but I point out that general usage would say the blanket warms you. This is despite the fact that the blanket is colder than you are. No the blanket being colder does not transfer NET heat from itself to you, it merely reduces the energy loss allowing your internal heat generation to raise your temperature more. If you put a blanket over a piece of cold steel it does not make the steel warmer. An exactly analogous situation exists with respect to Earth. There is an external energy input notably the sun. An opaque atmosphere reduces the energy loss from the surface to space which allows the energy input from the sun to raise the temperature slightly. The effect of more CO2 is to very slightly increase the range of wavelengths around 1. The mechanism by which this energy loss is reduced cannot be by reducing the heat radiated by the surface because the atmosphere cannot influence the emissivity of the surface. Rather it acts by returning some of the energy radiated back to the surface. This is the back radiation. If you want the analogy with a blanket to be more accurate consider the survival blankets which are simply a silvered sheet of thin plastic. Clearly the thin plastic has negligible impact on conduction. It could act by reducing convection but then again it does not need to be silvered to do that. A transparent sheet of plastic would do that just as well yet a transparent sheet of plastic does not work anywhere near as well as a silvered sheet. The silvered sheet works so well because the shiny surface has very low absorptivity and emissivity so it loses very little energy by radiation. There is still a difference in that the silvered surface reflects the energy back onto your body rather than via an absorption and then emission process but the overall impact is very similar.—————————————————————————————————–ADDENDUM #2. From Jo. Here’s why talk about whether its convection or conduction vs radiative cooling is irrelevant. The blanket analogy is perfect because we are discussing whether it’s possible for a cooler item to induce (somehow) an increase in temperature of a warmer item. NOTE: The cooler item has no internal heat source, but the warmer item (Earth or body) does have energy added in. The method of heat transfer is irrelevant. Pink batts “lift the temperature of your home in cold weather”. They don’t do it by supplying energy, they do it by blocking energy loss. The cooler item is not supplying a single new joule of energy, but there another mechanism of increasing an objects temperature. It’s called insulation. It’s a reality we all know and use every single day. Why deny it? Can commenters move on from repeating the truism that a colder object can’t make a warmer one even warmer without supplying energy? We all know that, but it applies to a closed theoretical system with no extra source of energy. In the systems with blankets/people and the sun/earth there IS an extra source of energy at least until you’re dead or the sun burns out. Comments have overflowed. The first 5. 00 are on the next page. Comments that refer to other comments will still have the original numbers (up to comment #3.
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Omega Seamaster Planet Ocean Co- Axial Chronometer Watch Review. I recently learned an interesting fact regarding the history of the Omega Seamaster collection. The Seamaster and Seamaster Planet Oceans that we know today are hardy tool watches suitable for diving, James Bond, and overall feeling like high- function instruments that is made really well. You'd think these pieces started out as serious dive watches. That isn't the case actually. When the first Seamaster watches came out, Omega had other pieces in its collection that were more focused on sport. The Seamaster was meant to be a fashionable watch that one could wear up in the Hamptons while playing with their kids and not worry if it got splashed on. It was meant to be a luxury watch from day one.
![]() A newsletter of all the latest happenings in The Artist Shop! In conjunction with Season 3 of the International Cardistry Open (ICO) this year, Expert Playing Card Co. Overtime the Seamaster became an icon and important watch for Omega - especially as the brand continued to focus on a range of important high- intensity activities from racing to diving, and everything else where sturdy and reliable watches were needed (not to mention space travel). Flash- forward to now and we have an incredibly wide range of Seamaster watches, and its higher- end cousin the Seamaster Planet Ocean. For review I am checking out two 2. Seamaster Planet Ocean Co- Axial Chronometer watches which well represent where the collection and brand are at today. In short the Seamaster Planet Ocean Co- Axial Chronometer of today comes in over 2. Inside is an in- house made Omega movement, and it is a comfortable beauty on the wrist. The . The other new Omega Seamaster Planet Ocean watches with in- house made movements are the Seamaster Planet Ocean Co- Axial Chronometer Chronograph watches that contain Omega's caliber 9. Those are excellent pieces, with fantastic movements, but I personally like my dive watches three- handed. For a super chrono, Omega has the Speedmaster which now also comes with the 9. I got to visit Omega and see the caliber 8. Debuted in 2. 00. The need for such a production line is due to the fact that Omega must (relatively speaking) mass produce these - but with a very high quality output. They use a very cool automated assembly line that combines mostly human labor with robots that help with precision tasks. It takes about a full day to assemble and test just one 8. The movements are then sent to COSC for Chronometer testing, which takes another three weeks. Aside from looking great, the 8. Let me first add that Omega has the movements displayed through sapphire casebacks on the Seamaster Planet Ocean watches. This is no simple task as the watches still need to be water resistant to 6. Usually dive watches have solid casebacks - but not here. The 8. 50. 0 has dual mainspring barrels and a power reserve of about 6. It has a DLC coated black balance wheel that is free sprung, and of course a co- axial escapement. The automatic rotor winds the movement when spinning in both directions, and when adjusting the time, you can set the hours in one hour increments to make it easy while traveling. I wasn't sure about this before, but the 8. Oh, and there is also the 8. You'll find that in Seamaster PO watches with gold cases mostly. The movement is great and certainly a major selling point of the watch. The wavy polished lines on the movement surfaces are very tasteful. For review I checked out two Omega Seamaster Planet Ocean watches. Both 4. 5. 5mm wide and one with the steel case and black dial, and the other in the titanium case with a blue dial. Both had ceramic bezels, but the blue model has Omega's very special Liquid Metal ceramic bezel (explained more here). Omega also makes smaller 4. Seamaster PO. This is a good thing for the . It helps that the Seamaster PO case design features shorter lugs which helps keep the watch look good on smaller sized wrists. The steel case is very solid and well- made, but also heavy. On the steel bracelet this is a hefty watch. Not an issue for me at all, but some will prefer a lighter timepiece. Those people have two options. First they can opt for Omega's excellent rubber strap with deployment clasp, or there is the titanium Seamaster PO with the blue dial. This one features either a titanium bracelet or rubber clasp. Let me again say that the rubber they use is among the best I've ever had. Wonderful look and feel, and the clasp works really nicely. The famous PO bracelet is a beautiful thing to look at and wears nicely. It does however lack the ability to micro- adjust the size. This means that it could offer the perfect fit, but also possibly be just a bit too large or small as you can only add and remove whole links. There might be a half- link option, but I am not sure. The design of the case and bracelet means that it should be comfortable if it is a bit looser than you might like, but purists like me want a precision fit. Omega sees the Planet Ocean as a Rolex Submariner competitor (and they are similar in price for the high- end POs). The Submariner does have a more sophisticated bracelet - so I would be surprised if Omega wasn't working on a new bracelet clasp for use in the future. The deployment clasp is push- button and operated very smoothly. So wearing the watch is overall really good, but what about reading it? Omega has long since been perfecting the dial of the Planet Ocean, but surprisingly it has remained very true to Omega watch dials from many decades ago. It is a retro dial that you'd never know is retro. The double broad arrow hands are well defined and properly sized. Arabic numerals mixed with large applied hour markers made for a handsome and very easy to read look. Those Arabic numerals come in orange on some other versions of the same watch. The dial has pretty much everything you need, and very little you to not. It is a very good balance of information markers and empty space - a virtue Omega has held for a long time. The black dialed version is actually textured - though you need to see it in the right light. The blue dialed version is more flat and glossy. I have to say that as good as the AR on the slightly domed sapphire crystal was - these dials proved to be a pain to photograph. Which is odd as they are really clear to the eye. This likely has to do with the mixture of matte and shiny elements on the dial (Omega does like to hint at bling a bit). Speaking of the sapphire crystal - it is very evenly cut and offers no discernible distortion when viewed at from extreme angles. The date windows are further done nicely. They have matching colors to the black dial and raised silver numerals - a great detail point. Lume is beyond excellent for the watches. Much of the lume is richly applied blue Super. Lumi. Nova, but the minute hand and bezel pip are green. This color difference assists with darkness viewing. Overall Omega has does a lot of things to make the watch easy to read. Ceramic bezels are very nice because they offer a high level of durability. Both of these watches are ceramic bezels, but the blue one on the titanium watch is more sophisticated due to it being liquid metal. These is a link to what that is above. The black ceramic bezel is actually dark gray if you look closely, and it has the indicators somehow printed on the ceramic. Not sure exactly how it works. As Omega is able to industrialize the Liquidmetal process more in the future, I anticipate it being as hot a word on Omega watches as . For a long time Omega has retained the external helium release value on the side of the case. That with 6. 00 meters (about 2. Seamaster PO can go just about anywhere. The helium release valve is a bit funny because it is mostly here to add a bit of . Call it extra- functionality or vestigial - it doesn't matter. It is a feature you'll never use but somehow feel better about having it in your watch. As a daily wear or occasional sport piece the Seamaster Planet Ocean just always seems to fit the bill. I really enjoyed my time with this piece and can easily say that it among the best mass- produced high- end dive watches out there. There is little lacking and a lot of good stuff here. From a comfy fit, to a great movement, Omega in the end seals the deal with a very pretty face. It isn't inexpensive however. The price for the Omega Seamaster Planet Ocean Co- Axial Chronometer watch ranges from $5,8. The steel model with the steel bracelet is $6,2. There are even higher- end models in gold and with diamonds on the bezel that are $2. Omega really offers a number of Seamaster Planet Ocean models to suit all tastes - mine included. What do you think? ENG/RUS)3. D collection for Exterior design. D Collection HQ Plants Vol. D Collection HQ Mentor Palms Vol. D Collection HQ Mentor Plants Vol. D Collection Of Textures Wallpaper Factory Wallquest. D Io Flatiron v. 1. ![]() Browse our full list of certification exams that are supported through exam dumps. Pass your test in record speed with our dumps featuring latest questions and answers. Download the free trial version below to get started. Double-click the downloaded file to install the software. 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