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Features a background, basics, design, implementation issues, port and protocol issues. By Matt Curtin and Marcus Ranum. Documents are also available in Postscript. An authentication server is an application that facilitates authentication of an entity that attempts to access a network.Communication Networks/TCP and UDP Protocols. TCP and UDP. This page will talk about what TCP and UDP are, and what the differences are between them. The differences are very essential to be known because of vast use of tcp and udp services which is sometimes confusing. ![]() In the OSI model, TCP and UDP are . This section will help the reader to get to know about the concepts and characteristics of the TCP, and then gradually dive into the details of TCP like connection establishment/closing, communication in TCP and why the TCP protocol is called a reliable as well as an adaptive protocol. This section will end with a comparison between UDP and TCP followed by a nice exercise which would encourage readers to solve more and more problems. Before writing this section, the information has been studied from varied sources like TCP guide, RFC's, tanenbaum book and the class notes. What is TCP? In theory, a transport layer protocol could be a very simple software routine, but the TCP protocol cannot be called simple. Why use a transport layer which is as complex as TCP? The most important reason depends on IP's unreliability. ![]() In fact all the layers below TCP are unreliable and deliver the datagram hop- by- hop. The IP layer delivers the datagram hop- by- hop and does not guarantee delivery of a datagram; it is a connectionless system. IP simply handles the routing of datagrams; and if problems occur, IP discards the packet without a second thought, generating an error message back to the sender in the process. The task of ascertaining the status of the datagrams sent over a network and handling the resending of information if parts have been discarded falls to TCP. Most users think of TCP and IP as a tightly knit pair, but TCP can be, and frequently is, used with other transport protocols. For example, TCP or parts of it are used in the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), both of which do not use IP. The Transmission Control Protocol provides a considerable number of services to the IP layer and the upper layers. TCP Connection Establishment Process: The "Three-Way Handshake" (Page 3 of 4) Normal Connection Establishment: The "Three Way Handshake" To establish a connection. The TCP and UDP protocols are two different protocols that handle data communications between terminals in an IP network (the Internet). This page will talk about. The Ephemeral Port Range. A TCP/IPv4 connection consists of two endpoints, and each endpoint consists of an IP address and a port number. Therefore, when a client. When I do netstat -a on my Windows machine, I get a listing of the ports with one of the four states: LISTENING CLOSE Will anyone please tell me what the difference between active and passive FTP? Which one is preferable? So I've been told that our PHP application may need to support authentication using ADFS. For a non-Microsoft person, what is ADFS? How does it differ to things like. Most importantly, it provides a connection- oriented protocol to the upper layers that enable an application to be sure that a datagram sent out over the network was received in its entirety. In this role, TCP acts as a message- validation protocol providing reliable communications. If a datagram is corrupted or lost, it is usually TCP (not the applications in the higher layers) that handles the retransmission. TCP is not a piece of software. It is a communications protocol. TCP manages the flow of datagrams from the higher layers, as well as incoming datagrams from the IP layer. It has to ensure that priorities and security are respected. TCP must be capable of handling the termination of an application above it that was expecting incoming datagrams, as well as failures in the lower layers. TCP also must maintain a state table of all data streams in and out of the TCP layer. The isolation of these services in a separate layer enables applications to be designed without regard to flow control or message reliability. Without the TCP layer, each application would have to implement the services themselves, which is a waste of resources. TCP resides in the transport layer, positioned above IP but below the upper layers and their applications, as shown in the Figure below. TCP resides only on devices that actually process datagrams, ensuring that the datagram has gone from the source to target machines. It does not reside on a device that simply routes datagrams, so there is no TCP layer in a gateway. This makes sense, because on a gateway the datagram has no need to go higher in the layered model than the IP layer. Figure 1: TCP providing reliable End- to- End communication. Because TCP is a connection- oriented protocol responsible for ensuring the transfer of a datagram from the source to destination machine (end- to- end communications), TCP must receive communications messages from the destination machine to acknowledge receipt of the datagram. The term virtual circuit is usually used to refer to the handshaking that goes on between the two end machines, most of which are simple acknowledgment messages (either confirmation of receipt or a failure code) and datagram sequence numbers. It is analogous to a telephone conversation; someone initiates it by ringing a number which is answered, a two- way conversation takes place, and finally someone ends the conversation. A socket pair identifies both ends of a connection, i. It may be recalled that the socket consists of the IP address and the port number to identify the location. The Servers use well- known port numbers (< 1. K) for standardized services (Listen). Numbers over 1. 02. Port numbers for some of the standard services are given below in the table below. Port numbers of some standard services. Port. Protocol. Use. FTPFile transfer. Telnet. Remote login. SMTPE- mail. 69. TFTPTrivial file transfer protocol. Finger. Lookup information about a user. HTTPWorld Wide Web. POP- 3. Remote e- mail access. NNTPUSENET news. Byte stream or Message Stream? Well, the message boundaries are not preserved end to end in the TCP. For example, if the sending process does four 5. TCP stream, these data may be delivered to the receiving process as four 5. There is no way for the receiver to detect the unit(s) in which the data were written. A TCP entity accepts user data streams from local processes, breaks them up into pieces not exceeding 6. KB (in practice, often 1. Ethernet frame with the IP and TCP headers), and sends each piece as a separate IP datagram. When datagrams containing TCP data arrive at a machine, they are given to the TCP entity, which reconstructs the original byte streams. For simplicity, we will sometimes use just TCP to mean the TCP transport entity (a piece of software) or the TCP protocol (a set of rules). From the context it will be clear which is meant. For example, in The user gives TCP the data, the TCP transport entity is clearly intended. The IP layer gives no guarantee that datagrams will be delivered properly, so it is up to TCP to time out and retransmit them as need be. Datagrams that do arrive may well do so in the wrong order; it is also up to TCP to reassemble them into messages in the proper sequence. In short, TCP must furnish the reliability that most users want and that IP does not provide. Characteristics of TCPTCP provides a communication channel between processes on each host system. The channel is reliable, full- duplex, and streaming. To achieve this functionality, the TCP drivers break up the session data stream into discrete segments, and attach a TCP header to each segment. An IP header is attached to this TCP packet, and the composite packet is then passed to the network for delivery. This TCP header has numerous fields that are used to support the intended TCP functionality. TCP has the following functional characteristics: Unicast protocol : TCP is based on a unicast network model, and supports data exchange between precisely two parties. It does not support broadcast or multicast network models. Connection state : Rather than impose a state within the network to support the connection, TCP uses synchronized state between the two endpoints. This synchronized state is set up as part of an initial connection process, so TCP can be regarded as a connection- oriented protocol. Much of the protocol design is intended to ensure that each local state transition is communicated to, and acknowledged by, the remote party. Reliable : Reliability implies that the stream of octets passed to the TCP driver at one end of the connection will be transmitted across the network so that the stream is presented to the remote process as the same sequence of octets, in the same order as that generated by the sender. This implies that the protocol detects when segments of the data stream have been discarded by the network, reordered, duplicated, or corrupted. Where necessary, the sender will retransmit damaged segments so as to allow the receiver to reconstruct the original data stream. This implies that a TCP sender must maintain a local copy of all transmitted data until it receives an indication that the receiver has completed an accurate transfer of the data. Full duplex : TCP is a full- duplex protocol; it allows both parties to send and receive data within the context of the single TCP connection. Streaming : Although TCP uses a packet structure for network transmission, TCP is a true streaming protocol, and application- level network operations are not transparent. Some protocols explicitly encapsulate each application transaction; for every write , there must be a matching read . In this manner, the application- derived segmentation of the data stream into a logical record structure is preserved across the network. TCP does not preserve such an implicit structure imposed on the data stream, so that there is no pairing between write and read operations within the network protocol. For example, a TCP application may write three data blocks in sequence into the network connection, which may be collected by the remote reader in a single read operation. The size of the data blocks (segments) used in a TCP session is negotiated at the start of the session. The sender attempts to use the largest segment size it can for the data transfer, within the constraints of the maximum segment size of the receiver, the maximum segment size of the configured sender, and the maximum supportable non- fragmented packet size of the network path (path Maximum Transmission Unit . The path MTU is refreshed periodically to adjust to any changes that may occur within the network while the TCP connection is active. Rate adaptation : TCP is also a rate- adaptive protocol, in that the rate of data transfer is intended to adapt to the prevailing load conditions within the network and adapt to the processing capacity of the receiver. 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Online is currently available for the following courses: Chemistry, Economics, English, Human Biology, Physical Education Studies and Physics. In 2. 01. 7 Duncraig SHS will be providing all English and PES students with access to this site as part of a trial. For other courses, students can enrol ($4. Note students are free to use the Senior School Success Subsidy to claim back up to $1. Revise. Online)!(see Senior School Success Susidy information below for further information and claim form)Functions completely online. Works on all devices. Tracks the study that you have done. Sets a timer for each test and exam you start. Thousands of combinations of topic tests available. Thousands of combinations of questions for practice exams. Marks your answers to multiple choice questions. Provdes answer keys for all questions. For further information on Revise. Online download the following: Students can enrol by access the Revise. Online website(Note - Biology should be available during 2. Success Check List. Serious about success? Check out the success check list! Download the Success Check list. You will need to establish that you are using this list when meeting with the Senior School Coordinator or Associate Principal. How Parents can help their Secondary School students with their Learning - ELES - Download the fact sheet. Senior School Revision Materials- Looking for Revision Materials?- Creelman Exam Questions, Year 1. ATAR course Revision Series, Year 1. WACE Revision Series, Textbooks? ALL Year 1. 2 students doing ATAR course are expected to enrol in these courses! Download information and booking sheet. Book now to avoid missing a position - Bookings close August 1st. Fast Track to UWA with an early offer to study Engineering. Applications are now open for you to apply for this program. See the link below for detailshttp: //www. Year 1. 2 Goal Setting Sessions (0. Sally Topley and Kate Hewitt. The second sessions with Sally Topley (ATAR students) and Kate Hewitt will commence early in Term 3. Sally Toley will commence week 1. A copy of the roster for Sally's students can be downloaded below. Download letter and roster for Sally Topley - Term 3, Weeks 1- 3. Download roster for Kate Hewitt. The University of Notre Dame. Newsletter information sent 2. Download. Scholarship Information. Year 1. 2 ECU Engineering Scholarships. Duncraig SHS can nominate up to 4 students from Maths Methods, Maths Specialist, Chemistry and PHysics) for schalarships to study Engineering at ECU to the value of $2. Download information form for further information and see Mr Goyder by Friday 2. May to nominate for this award (note - the student shown in the brochure on p. Joshua Bryant - from the class of 2. DSHS!)Revise. Online - Test and Exam revision materials for ATAR courses. A valuable tool for ATAR students to help them revise for tests and exams. Revise. Online is currently available for the following courses: Chemistry, Economics, English, Human Biology, Physical Education Studies and Physics. In 2. 01. 7 (Year 1. Duncraig SHS will be providing all English and PES students with access to this site as part of a trial. For other courses, students can enrol ($4. Note students are free to use the Senior School Success Subsidy to claim back up to $1. Revise. Online)!(see Senior School Success Susidy information below for further information and claim form)Functions completely online. Works on all devices. Tracks the study that you have done. Sets a timer for each test and exam you start. Thousands of combinations of topic tests available. Thousands of combinations of questions for practice exams. Marks your answers to multiple choice questions. Provdes answer keys for all questions. For further information on Revise. Online download the following: Students can enrol by access the Revise. Online website(Note - Biology should be available during 2. Alternative Entry Pathways into Univeristy - Make success your focus. Are you struggling in an ATAR course and not being successful? You can get into Univeristy without having to do an ATAR course. It is far more important that you are successful and not struggling in a course that is not for you. Explore some information about Altnerative Entry pathways into University. Senior School Event Calendar for 2. Download the guide to key events for Senior School students including assemblies, Exams and EST, Revision Courses, Goal Setting sessions, speical events and more - Download the SS Event Calendar now. Senior School Success Subsidy Application. Claim up to $1. 00 towards the cost of programs or materials to help your Success Plan! Applicable to any Senior School student studying an ATAR course. Download the information and application form - return this directly to Mr. Goyder for processing. Success Check List. Serious about success? Check out the success check list! Download the Success Check list. You will need to establish that you are using this list when meeting with the Senior School Coordinator or Associate Principal. How Parents can help their Secondary School students with their Learning - ELES - Download the fact sheet. WACE requirements and ATAR exams - Please read the attached article from the SCSA with regards to NOT sitting WACE exams and how it may affect your WACE (Graduation)Download (posted 8/1. WACE Manual 2. 01. Looking for the right answer about anything to do with WACE. Here it is! How to estimate your ATARDownload the document below which outlines how to estimate your ATAR. Please see the additional information for 2. Maths Methods and Specialist. Estimating your ATAR - 2. Jan Skidmore - ATAR consultant for Duncraig SHS). Victorian Certificate of Education Index. About the VCEThe Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) is the certificate that the majority of students in Victoria receive on satisfactory completion of their secondary education. The VCE provides diverse pathways to further study or training at university or TAFE and to employment. Senior Secondary Initiatives. VCE on a northern hemisphere timetable. Details of the studies available on this new VCE timetable. Strengthening Senior Secondary Pathways (pdf - 2. VCAA Report, December 2. Industry Pathways in the VCE and VCALIndustry pathways in the VCE and VCAL will be introduced from 2. They provide a new form of recognition for students who choose to complete a senior secondary program of study in a specific vocational area. VCE Study Designs. VCE Study Designs and Resources. A 'study' is broken up into four units. Each VCE study unit is numbered 1, 2, 3 or 4. Student programs may include some Units 1 and 2 in the second or final year and/or some Units 3 and 4 in the first year. The VCE Studies and Resources page is an alphabetical index to each study. Each study page provides past and sample exams (containing some answers), Study Designs, assessment advice and other teacher support materials relating to that study. VCE Publications. VCE Publications. A list of publications for teachers. Includes general information and publications about VCE administration, assessment and curriculum. The VCAA Bulletin VCE, VCAL and VET is the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority's official publication for VCE (Victorian Certificate of Education) and VCAL (Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning) studies. VCE General Advice and Policy. Information and advice on VCE policy and processes, including specific information about the cyclical review of VCE studies. VCE Administration & Forms. Administration, Forms & Policies. Access an alphabetical list of generic VCE forms. Find details about fees and charges (for full- fee paying overseas students) and how to access VCE scripts and Statements of Marks. VCE Forms. Download the forms used by schools when administering VCE programs. VCE and VCAL Administrative Handbook. This publication is an all- inclusive guide for principals, teachers and administrators, outlining the rules, regulations and policies governing the delivery of the VCE and VCAL. Student Transfers. Outlines information about transfers of students during their VCE studies. Return to Study – VCE for Adults. Return to Study. Provides adults with information about studying for the VCE, VCAL and VET. International VCE Students. See the VCAA International Program page for information about studying the VCE outside Australia. VCE Examinations and Assessment. Examinations and Assessment. Past examinations, examination timetables, rules, examination materials and advice, approved materials and other information for teachers and students about the VCE and VCE VET examinations, including information about General Achievement Test (GAT), Special Provision and statistical moderation. Results. Results index - includes examples of certificates and statements, and how to purchase replacement results statements and certificates. Inspection of Examination Response Materials - information on how students can request to inspect their completed examination papers. Statement of Marks - what the Statement of Marks is, and how students can obtain one. Schools and Study Search. Schools and Study Search. This function lets you conduct a search of Victorian senior secondary subjects sorted by school. The listing is based on which studies are actually taught by a school. Equivalent Qualifications and credit towards VCEEquivalent Qualifications. Information on the issue of a Statement of Equivalent Qualification to people who have educational qualifications from overseas. Includes a summary of equivalent qualifications (listed alphabetically by country), a sample statement and how to apply. Credit Towards the VCEDetails of how to apply for credit based on prior study and who is eligible to apply. University recognition of the VCEUniversity recognition of the VCEThe VCE is accepted for entry to all Australian universities and most international universities, subject to the same conditions applied to local students. Find a list of international universities that accept the VCE for entry. VCE Statistics. Statistics on student performance in each VCE area of study, containing the past three years of available data.- Statistics- Post- Compulsory Completion and Achievement Information. VCE Awards. VCE Excellence and Awards. VCE Leadership Award - recognises the efforts of VCE students in promoting community involvement in their local school and wider community. Find out how you can enter the Award, and read about the monthly winners for the current VCE year. VCE Season of Excellence - an annual festival of works created by VCE students in technology, design, multimedia and the cinematic, visual and performing arts. Find out how you can take part in the Season, and where the current year's performances and exhibitions will be held. Premier's VCE Awards - these awards are given to students who demonstrate outstanding achievement in the VCE. Frequently Asked Questions. VCE - Frequently Asked Questions. Answers to frequently asked questions from students, parents and teachers about the VCE. There is also a separate VCE VET FAQs page. Free Future Mixtapes @ Dat. Piff. com. 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My. SQL Stored Procedure - w. Last update on January 2. UTC/GMT +8 hours)A procedure (often called a stored procedure) is a subroutine like a subprogram in a regular computing language, stored in database. A procedure has a name, a parameter list, and SQL statement(s). All most all relational database system supports stored procedure, My. SQL 5 introduce stored procedure. In the following sections we have discussed My. SQL procedure in details and used My. SQL 5. 6 under Windows 7. My. SQL 5. 6 supports . Why Stored Procedures? Stored procedures are fast. My. SQL server takes some advantage of caching, just as prepared statements do. The main speed gain comes from reduction of network traffic. If you have a repetitive task that requires checking, looping, multiple statements, and no user interaction, do it with a single call to a procedure that's stored on the server. Stored procedures are portable. When you write your stored procedure in SQL, you know that it will run on every platform that My. SQL runs on, without obliging you to install an additional runtime- environment package, or set permissions for program execution in the operating system, or deploy different packages if you have different computer types. That's the advantage of writing in SQL rather than in an external language like Java or C or PHP. Stored procedures are always available as 'source code' in the database itself. And it makes sense to link the data with the processes that operate on the data. Stored procedures are migratory! My. SQL adheres fairly closely to the SQL: 2. Others (DB2, Mimer) also adhere. Create Procedure. Following statements create a stored procedure. By default, a procedure is associated with the default database (currently used database). To associate the procedure with a given database, specify the name as database. Here is the complete syntax : Syntax . CREATE . They might also require the SUPER privilege, depending on the DEFINER value, as described later in this section. If binary logging is enabled, CREATE FUNCTION might require the SUPER privilege. By default, My. SQL automatically grants the ALTER ROUTINE and EXECUTE privileges to the routine creator. This behavior can be changed by disabling the automatic. Let see the list of databases and choose one of them. By default we use semicolon (; ) as a delimiter. But this causes problem in stored procedure because a procedure can have many statements, and everyone must end with a semicolon. So for your delimiter, pick a string which is rarely occur within statement or within procedure. Here we have used double dollar sign i. To resume using . See here how to change the delimiter : mysql> DELIMITER $$ ; Now the default DELIMITER is . Let execute a simple SQL command . SELECT * FROM user $$. Here the procedure name is . If the name is delimited, it can contain spaces.- - The maximum name length is 6. Avoid using names of built- in My. SQL functions. Here the semicolon (; ) is optional as $$ is a real statement- ender. My. SQL command line tool : - Select My. SQL command Client from Start menu : Selecting My. SQL command prompt following screen will come : After a successful login you can access the My. SQL command prompt : Now you write and run your own procedure, see the following example : My. SQL workbench (5. CE) : - Select My. SQL workbench from Start menu : After selecting My. SQL workbench following login screen will come : Now input the login details : After successful login a new screen will come and from the object browser panel select a database : After selecting the database right click on Routines a new popup will come : After selecting . Here is the syntax : CALL sp. Therefore CALL job. Let execute the procedure. It returns the exact string that can be used to re- create the named stored procedure. Both statement require that you be the owner of the routine. The clauses come after the parentheses, but before the body. These clauses are all optional. Here are the clauses : characteristic. COMMENT 'string'. It is used to describe the stored routine and the information is displayed by the SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE statements. LANGUAGE : The LANGUAGE characteristic indicates that the body of the procedure is written in SQL. NOT DETERMINISTIC : NOT DETERMINISTIC, is informational, a routine is considered . For example statements SET @x = 1 or DO RELEASE. This is the default if none of these characteristics is given explicitly. NO SQL : NO SQL means routine contains no SQL statements. READS SQL DATA : READS SQL DATA means the routine contains statements that read data (for example, SELECT), but not statements that write data. MODIFIES SQL DATA : MODIFIES SQL DATA means routine contains statements that may write data (for example, INSERT or DELETE). SQL SECURITY . This account must have permission to access the database with which the routine is associated. The default value is DEFINER. The user who invokes the routine must have the EXECUTE privilege for it, as must the DEFINER account if the routine executes in definer security context. All the above characteristics clauses have defaults. Following two statements produce same result : mysql> CREATE PROCEDURE job. As of version 5. 6 My. SQL have following compound statements : BEGIN .. END Compound- Statement Statement Label DECLARE Variables in Stored Programs. Flow Control Statements. Cursors. Condition Handling. In this section we will discuss the first four statements to cover the parameters part of CREATE PROCEDURE statement. END Compound- Statement Syntax. BEGIN .. END block is used to write compound statements, i. Here is the syntax . The statement. END blocks and for the LOOP, REPEAT, and WHILE statements. Here is the syntax . DECLARE is used only inside a BEGIN .. END compound statement and must be at its start, before any other statements. Declarations follow the following order : Cursor declarations must appear before handler declarations. Variable and condition declarations must appear before cursor or handler declarations. Variables in Stored Programs. System variables and user- defined variables can be used in stored programs, just as they can be used outside stored- program context. Stored programs use DECLARE to define local variables, and stored routines (procedures and functions) can be declared to take parameters that communicate values between the routine and its caller. Declare a Variable . DECLARE var. The value can be specified as an expression; it need not be constant. If the DEFAULT clause is missing, the initial value is NULL. Example : Local variables. Local variables are declared within stored procedures and are only valid within the BEGIN. Local variables can have any SQL data type. The following example shows the use of local variables in a stored procedure. DELIMITER $$. CREATE PROCEDURE my. The following example shows the use of user variables within the stored procedure . CREATE PROCEDURE my. CREATE PROCEDURE sp. CREATE PROCEDURE sp. CREATE PROCEDURE sp. CREATE PROCEDURE sp. In the first example, the parameter list is empty. In the second examp,le an IN parameter passes a value into a procedure. The procedure might modify the value, but the modification is not visible to the caller when the procedure returns. In the third example, an OUT parameter passes a value from the procedure back to the caller. Its initial value is NULL within the procedure, and its value is visible to the caller when the procedure returns. In the fourth example, an INOUT parameter is initialized by the caller, can be modified by the procedure, and any change made by the procedure is visible to the caller when the procedure returns. In a procedure, each parameter is an IN parameter by default. To specify otherwise for a parameter, use the keyword OUT or INOUT before the parameter name. My. SQL Procedure : Parameter IN example. In the following procedure, we have used a IN parameter 'var. Within the body of the procedure, there is a SELECT statement which fetches rows from 'jobs' table and the number of rows will be supplied by the user. Here is the procedure . CREATE PROCEDURE my. Within the procedure My. SQL MAX() function retrieves maximum salary from MAX. After calling the procedure the word OUT tells the DBMS that the value goes out from the procedure. Here highest. The user will supply 'M' or 'F' through IN parameter (emp. The INOUT parameter (mfgender) will return the result to a user. Here is the code and output of the procedure . CALL my. It also supports RETURN within stored functions. My. SQL : If Statement. The IF statement implements a basic conditional construct within a stored programs and must be terminated with a semicolon. There is also an IF() function, which is different from the IF statement. Here is the syntax of if statement . IF condition THEN statement(s). Within the procedure, we have used IF ELSEIF and ELSE statement to get user name against multiple user id. The user name will be stored into INOUT parameter user. CREATE DEFINER=`root`@`1. PROCEDURE `Get. User. Name`(INOUT user. The CASE statement cannot have an ELSE NULL clause, and it is terminated with END CASE instead of END. Here is the syntax . CASE case. Within the procedure, there is CASE statement along with two WHEN and an ELSE which will test the condition and return the count value in no. Let execute the procedure in My. SQL command prompt : Number of employees whose salary greater than 1. CALL my. ITERATE can appear only within LOOP, REPEAT, and WHILE statements. Here is the syntax : ITERATE label. My. SQL : LEAVE Statement. LEAVE statement is used to exit the flow control construct that has the given label. If the label is for the outermost stored program block, LEAVE exits the program. LEAVE can be used within BEGIN .. END or loop constructs (LOOP, REPEAT, WHILE). Here is the syntax : LEAVE label. My. SQL : LOOP Statement. LOOP is used to create repeated execution of the statement list. Here is the syntax . Usually, LEAVE statement is used to exit the loop construct. Within a stored function, RETURN can also be used, which exits the function entirely. Tamil - English online translation . In case you need an absolutely correct and precise. English language. 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